2011;18:32533. Verma et al. 2002;64:31353. 2007;27:6024. The frequencies of these devices are listed in Table1. 1 of 41 Harmful effects of microwaves on living beings Oct. 04, 2015 4 likes 4,519 views Download Now Download to read offline Environment The presentation proves beyond any doubt, the harmful affects of microwaves and radio frequency waves on humans and other living beings Padmanabhan Krishnan Follow Dr. Google Scholar. 2013;17:711. Most matter, including the human body, is largely . Regional cerebral glucose uptake in the 3xTG model of Alzheimer's disease highlights common regional vulnerability across AD mouse models. [102] exposed rats to 9.15MHz microwaves (SAR: 0.4mW/g) for 2h. They found that in the cerebellum of all the exposed animals, 11 genes were up-regulated from 1.34- to 2.74-fold, and one gene was down-regulated 0.48-fold. Szmigielski S. Cancer morbidity in subjects occupationally exposed to high frequency (radiofrequency and microwave) electromagnetic radiation. MicroRNAs: novel mechanism involved in the pathogenesis of microwave exposure on rats hippocampus. Interphone study group. Narayanan SN, Kumar RS, Potu BK, Nayak S, Mailankot M. Spatial memory perfomance of wistar rats exposed to mobile phone. In the CNS, glutamic acid binds and plays physiological roles with the following two receptors: ionotropic glutamate and metabolic glutamate. Neuroscience. Neuroreport. CAS Human SH-SY5YNB cells were exposed to 2.1GHz W-CDMA modulated microwave radiation for 24h at a specific absorption rate of 0.491W/kg. Othman et al. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. They summarized the characteristics and functions of hippocampus-related miRNAs following irradiation with microwaves, and these data laid a foundation that clarified the molecular mechanisms underlying microwave-induced injury to hippocampal learning and memory and suggested potential therapeutic targets. as it have a harmful side. All of the authors read and approved the final manuscript. Dasdag et al. In addition, glucose is also related to cognitive functions, and reductions in the metabolism and uptake of glucose have been observed in local regions of the brain in Alzheimers patients [107, 108]. 2016;25:31827. Nuclear pyknosis and capillary congestion are also observed. Positive results were obtained in Morris water maze tests that demonstrated that microwaves influenced learning and memory in rats. RF energy has the ability to heat human tissue, much like the way that microwave ovens heat food, and can be hazardous if the exposure is sufficiently intense or prolonged. Xu et al. We should ensure that we avoid excessive exposure to microwave radiation in daily life activities and use mobile phones appropriately despite information about its positive effects. The final apoptosis score in the exposed group was significantly reduced, and the total antioxidant capacity and catalysis observed in the experimental group was increased. ranging from as long as one meter to as short as one. 2014;90:2935. Google Scholar. Sci Total Environ. Mobile phone use facilitates memory in male, but not female, subjects. Bioelectromagnetics. But microwave refers to wavelengths in microns so the. Article Those who are accustomed to using their mobile phone ipsilaterally presented a probability that was twice that of people who dont [5,6,7]. NR2B plays a key role in LTP and was decreased from the 3rd to the 18th month post-treatment, and long-term exposure to high doses of radiation may therefore damage cognitive functions. Motawi TK, Darwish HA, Moustafa YM, Labib MM. Calabr E, Magaz S. Inspections of mobile phone microwaves effects on proteins secondary structure by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. 1990;39:13543. EEG data reflect the functional state of the brain by enlarging the autologous weak bioelectricity recorded by the EEG-recording instrument [47]. Cancer Res. 2000;11:4135. [105] identified stable C-T mutation sites at 217 points by screening for SNPs in the GRIN2B promoter region in rats. Kumar M, Singh SP, Chaturvedi CM. Li Z, Peng RY, Wang SM, Wang LF, Gao YB, Ji D, et al. The interaction of microwaves with matter other than metallic conductors will be to rotate molecules and produce heat as result of that molecular motion. Some studies have proposed that miRNAs play important roles in nerve regeneration, neurodegenerative diseases, and the pathogenesis of neuroblastoma and schizophrenia [93,94,95]. Curr Opin Neurobiol. Neuroreport. Krylova I, Dukhanin A, Il'in A, Kuznetsova EY, Balaeva N, Shimanovskii N, et al. PubMed Kwon et al. Yale J Biol Med. Clinics. Cancer in radar technicians exposed to radiofrequency/microwave radiation: sentinel episodes. In epidemiology, there is no conclusive evidence showing that microwaves have carcinogenic effects. Cookies policy. Zhang et al. 1999;9:3438. Additionally, the number of crossings was significantly lower at 3 d after microwave radiation. Because the frequency of microwaves is sufficiently high that the energy is absorbed, the subsequent heating of tissue becomes its major mechanism, and most biochemical and physiological responses are temperature-dependent. Aydin D, Feychting M, Schz J, Andersen TV, Poulsen AH, Prochazka M, et al. Schmid MR, Murbach M, Lustenberger C, Maire M, Kuster N, Achermann P, et al. Many studies have been made on the biological effects of microwave radiation. Moreover, the risk of developing Alzheimers disease is 3040% lower in people who use a mobile phone for more than 10years than in other individuals [35]. 2017;326:291. 2004;155:3743. Wang L, Peng R, Hu X, Gao Y, Wang S, Zhao L, et al. MicroRNAs and neurodegeneration: role and impact. Microwaves are widely used in broadcasting, communications and many industrial fields. Schz J, Jacobsen R, Olsen JH, Boice JD, McLaughlin JK, Johansen C. Cellular telephone use and cancer risk: update of a nationwide Danish cohort. [39] exposed rats to microwaves (500 pps, pulse width=2s, and average whole body-specific absorption rate (SAR)=0.6W/kg) for an exposure duration of 45min, and a significant decline was observed in the rats performance, indicating that microwave radiation influenced their working memory. 2014:125. In the lower SAR group, the , 1 and 2 bands were affected in the three subjects. Biomed Environ Sci. Neurologic and biochemical findings and CD4/CD8 ratio in people occupationally exposed to RF and microwave. Electromagnetic radiation can be absorbed by organisms, in which it causes a series of physiological and functional changes. When nerve endings are excited, the vesicles release their contents into the synaptic cleft, resulting in synaptic transmission. Microwaving Food Leads to a Negative Impact on Human Physiology & the Heart. Dasdag et al. Lee TM, Ho SM, Tsang LY, Yang SY, Li LS, Chan CC. World J Biol Chem. Li H, Li C. Apoptosis gene expression and their relationship to mtDNA mutation in tumor tissues of gynecologic oncology patients. [42] found similar results. [78] exposed differentiated astroglial cells that were cultured for 14days in vitro to either continuous 900MHz waves or 900MHz waves modulated in amplitude at 50Hz using a sinusoidal wave form and 100% modulation index for 5, 10, or 20min. Bioelectromagnetics. Trends Neurosci. 2002;13:11921. Exposure to microwaves and silencing p-synapsin I reduced the release of GABA, and maximum reduction was achieved when both were combined, indicating a synergistic effect. Wang et al. Srinivasan R. Anatomical constraints on source models for high-resolution EEG and MEG derived from MRI. 2004;25:4957. Reactive oxygen species levels and DNA fragmentation on astrocytes in primary culture after acute exposure to low intensity microwave electromagnetic field. 2000;6:18793. 2013;32:27380. 2004;48:46624. Muscat JE, Malkin MG, Thompson S, Shore RE, Stellman SD, McRee D, et al. However, there was no change in the frequency of AMPA mEPSCs or the amplitudes of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) mEPSCs. However, to date, with the exception of high-power microwave radiation, which has widely established hazardous effects, the biological effects of microwaves remain controversial. Kang D, Hamasaki N. Mitochondrial transcription factor a in the maintenance of mitochondrial DNA. Messier C, Durkin T, Mrabet O, Destrade C. Memory-improving action of glucose: indirect evidence for a facilitation of hippocampal acetylcholine synthesis. To investigate whether exposure of rat brains to GMS microwaves induced DNA breaks and changes in gene expression, Belyaev et al. 2003;11:346. Additionally, people exposed to military microwave sources were more vulnerable to brain tumors. Blood biochemical parameters of the radio-link station. Radiat Res. Baer C, Claus R, Plass C. Genome-wide epigenetic regulation of miRNAs in cancer. Google Scholar. Suppl Clin Neurophysiol. Myung SK, Ju W, McDonnell DD, Lee YJ, Kazinets G, Cheng CT, et al. Modulation of HSP response in SH-SY5Y cells following exposure to microwaves of a mobile phone. 2008;169:3845. Myhrer T. Neurotransmitter systems involved in learning and memory in the rat: a meta-analysis based on studies of four behavioral tasks. Kayhan H, Esmekaya MA, Saglam AS, Tuysuz MZ, Canseven AG, Yagci AM, et al. Using a ring resonator notch filter for optical carrier reduction and modulation depth enhancement in radio-over-fiber links. Biochemical modifications and neuronal damage in brain of young and adult rats after long-term exposure to mobile phone radiations. The study also showed that exposure to GSM microwaves at 915MHz did not induce detectable DNA double-strand breaks but affected the expression of genes in rat brain cells. -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-soxazole propionic acid, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases, Cross-modal visual-tactile object recognition, Digital enhanced cordless telecommunications/telephone, International agency for research on cancer, Miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents, Scientific committee on emerging and newly identified health risks. 2006;98:170713. Zhao et al. Eastern J Med. [50] exposed Wistar rats to 2.856GHz microwaves at an average power density of 5, 10, 20 or 30mW/cm2 for 6min three times per week for up to 6weeks and found that on day 14 after irradiation, the levels of Asp and Glu were lower in the hippocampus in the group treated with 5mW/cm2 but higher in the group treated with 30mW/cm2, The levels of GABA were elevated. Toxicol Sci. The central nervous system, especially the hippocampus, is highly sensitive to microwave radiation [43, 44]. [1] used 10 freely moving rats in which carbon electrodes were implanted in the cortex and dorsomedial hypothalamus. Harris KM. 2015;51:15865. Iran J Public Health. Numerous studies have shown that increased acetylcholine is related to promotion of the effect of glucose on memory [112,113,114]. Biochem J. In communications, the microwaves come from mobile phones and their base stations and microwave links, in addition to cordless phones, terrestrial trunked radios, blue tooth devices, wireless local area networks and many other applications. 2012;31:25074. Int J Radiat Biol. radiations. [111] found that the rate of glucose metabolism in the brains of rats was lower after short-term exposure to microwave radiation, and the blood glucose management reduced the damage that was caused by microwave radiation due to the decreased glucose uptake (2.45MHz, 1mW/cm2, continuous radiation for 30 d at 3h/d), as were learning and memory capacity. Phot J. Johnson OL, Ouimet CC. 2005;25:10190201. 2000;284:30017. Mortazavi et al. 2013;34:58998. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009;4:e4389. 2008;86:718. Since mobile phones are used in positions very close to the human body and require a large Physiol Behav. Wang L, Li X, Peng R, Gao Y, Zhao L, Wang S, et al. J Neuro-Oncol. Google Scholar. Prog Biophys Mol Biol. Kan P, Simonsen SE, Lyon JL, Kestle JR. Cellular phone use and brain tumor: a meta-analysis. 2010;473:525. Singh et al. This study concerns the effects of microwave on health because they pervade diverse fields of our lives. Microwaves are widely used in broadcasting, communications and many industrial fields. To investigate the effects of microwaves radiation on apoptotic activity, cell viability, and cell cycle progression, which can provide information about microwaves radiation effects on neural cells over the period from embryonic stages to infants. Wang L, Hu X, Peng R. Influence of long-term microwave radiation on contents of amino acids and monoamines in urine of Wistar rats. Bioelectromagnetics. Article Koivisto M, Revonsuo A, Krause C, Haarala C, Sillanmki L, Laine M, et al. After exposure, the levels of 2 waves in the hypothalamus increased more than those in the cortex, leading to a significant reduction in the deviation of the two EGGs. [63] exposed rat hippocampal neurons to microwaves (SAR values of 0.8W/kg and 2.4W/kg at an average power density of 1800MHz/d) and observed the formation of dendritic filopodial and dendritic branches and the maturation of dendritic spines in neurons from day 6 to 14. Kwon MS, Vorobyev V, Knnl S, Laine M, Rinne JO, Toivonen T, et al. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0. Zhang proposed that the sex-dependent relationship between microwaves and the behavior of offspring may be related to sex hormones, and female rats may be equivalently protected by reducing oxidative stress levels. 2012;25:1828. Hans Hertel, a Swiss food scientist, initiated the first tests on microwaved food and microwave cooking to determine how microwaves affect human physiology and the blood. Digestive System: The unstable catabolism of microwaved foods alters their elemental food substances, causing disorders in the digestive system. Most of the workers recovered when they left the source of microwave radiation. However,. Abe M, Bonini NM. [40] concluded that despite the differences in the conditions used in the experiments, space limitations and whether the wall of the maze was clear did not substantially influence outcomes. Cordless phone in power levels very high and microwave frequency level also high. It influences both learning and memory in rats [67]. Wang LF, Tian DW, Li HJ, Gao YB, Wang CZ, Zhao L, et al. Smythe JW, Costall B. In long-term epidemiological investigations of large population with occupational exposure, the results have not been consistent. 2012;21:6209. [99] used a microarray and quantitative real-time PCR to analyze the miRNA expression profile in the hippocampus on days 7 and 14 after irradiation with a microwave at 30mW/cm2. 1 Microwave radiation may also lead to skin cancer/health problems when we are within the radius of a cell phone tower in a certain specified limited distance. Then that poisonous acid harms the kidneys and nervous system. CAS The ionotropic receptors consist of NMDA receptors and non-NMDA receptors. Article Li HJ, Peng RY, Wang CZ, Qiao SM, Yong Z, Gao YB, et al. [21, 22] found a higher incidence of brain cancer in radar technicians and a shortened incubation period (i.e., less than 10years). 2009;63:10106. The acute effects of exposure to the electromagnetic field emitted by mobile phones on human attention. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor (NMDAR) is a tetramer composed of two NR1 and two NR2 subunits or two NR3 subunits that perform the functions of NMDAR [69, 70], and NMDAR plays key roles in synapse development, synaptic plasticity and neurological diseases. The microwave will do its intended job of heating and will start to burn (or cook) the skin tissue. 2007;96:218196. 2014;8:63. One study reported by the Interphone study group [13] showed that there was no increase in the risk of glioma or meningioma in users of mobile phones. Microarray gene expression profiling of a human glioblastoma cell line exposed in vitro to a 1.9 GHz pulse-modulated radiofrequency field. Cell Biochem Biophys. However, in rats treated with long-term exposure to radiation, neurons exhibit edema and are arranged irregularly. Brain electrical activity originates from the membrane potential of the neuron itself and the fluctuation in membrane potential. Int J Radiat Biol. 2013;5:5500110. Caubet R, Pedarros-Caubet F, Chu M, Freye E, de Belem RM, Moreau J, et al. 2013;73:4737. Durkin TP, Messier C, de Boer P, Westerink B. CAS These spines have been reported to share a close relationship with learning and memory abilities, and when protein synthesis in dendritic spines is blocked, new spine growth and the development of long spines are both decreased [91]. The Microwave signals in the food can cause water molecules to pulsate, generates heat to cook the food. Zhang Y, Li Z, Gao Y. Alterations of cognitive function and 5-HT system in rats after long term microwave exposure. The SAR of the two groups were 0.303W/kg and 0.003W/kg. A significant increase in ROS levels and DNA fragmentation were observed only after the astrocytes were exposed to modulated EMF for 20min, perhaps as a result of hyperstimulation of glutamate receptors. Ellis CE, Murphy EJ, Mitchell DC, Golovko MY, Scaglia F, Barcel-Coblijn GC, et al. Ongwijitwat S, Wong-Riley MT. Article 2010;39:67594. Cassel JC, Cosquer B, Galani R, Kuster N. Whole-body exposure to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields does not alter radial-maze performance in rats. Int J Radiat Biol. Defective actin dynamics in dendritic spines: cause or consequence of age-induced cognitive decline? Maternal exposure to Wi-Fi radio frequencies led to various adverse neurological effects in the offspring. Ragozzino ME, Unick KE, Gold PE. Int J Radiat Biol. Nature. Nicholson RM, Kusne Y, Nowak LA, LaFerla FM, Reiman EM, Valla J. PubMed Central Chronic microwave exposures were executed with 2.45GHz of either modulated (power density, 0.029mW/cm2; specific absorption rate, 0.019W/kg with a sinusoidal modulation of 400Hz) or non-modulated continuous sinusoidal wave (power density, 0.033mW/cm2; specific absorption rate, 0.023W/kg) for 2h daily for 1month. Xiong L, Sun CF, Zhang J, Gao YB, Wang LF, Zuo HY, et al. Nat Med. For example, it can shorten reaction times so that people can better cope with danger. Article Sareesh et al. Vorobyov V, Janac B, Pesic V, Prolic Z. The effects of microwaving a human body Lia Koltyrina/Shutterstock But there are parts of the human body that are more prone to "cooking" fast, such as the eyeballs and testes. 2006;27:295306. Mortazavi S, Rouintan M, Taeb S, Dehghan N, Ghaffarpanah A, Sadeghi Z, et al. A large amount of heat can be generated to caused severe damage to the body. However, the problem with these studies is that different parameters, such as the frequency, modulation, and power density of the radiation and the irradiation time, were used to evaluate microwave radiation between studies. Ning W, Chiang H, Yang W. Effects of GSM 1800 MHz on dendritic development of cultured hippocampal neurons. Electromagn Biol Med. Cobb et al. Sage C, Carpenter D, Hardell L. Comments on SCENIHR: opinion on potential health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields. Megha et al. A large number of studies have shown that microwave radiation can cause a series of adverse reactions in the central nervous system, including sleep disorders in addition to learning and memory impairments. It is widely accepted that protein synthesis occurs in neuronal dendrites and may be the cellular basis of learning and memory, during which local protein synthesis and synaptic plasticity are closely linked to the efficiency of communication between neurons. Surg Neurol. Specifically, the Federal Communications . Koivisto M, Krause CM, Revonsuo A, Laine M, Hmlinen H. The effects of electromagnetic field emitted by GSM phones on working memory. Thus, in the early developmental stage, chronic exposure to 2.4W/kg GSM microwaves may influence dendritic development and the formation of excitatory synapses in cultures of hippocampal neurons. 2003;80:177. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. The rats in the study showed increases in spatial memory and glucose transporters, and this phenomenon indicated a corresponding increase in glucose uptake. Effect of microwave electromagnetic fields on activity of energy metabolism cytochrome oxidase in cerebral cortical neurons of postnatal rats. In particular, somatization, obsessive compulsivity, paranoid ideation and psychoticism were reported [17]. Verma RK, Sisodia R, Bhatia A. Radioprotective role of Amaranthus Gangeticus Linn. Shahin S, Banerjee S, Singh SP, Chaturvedi CM. Previous studies have shown that in unexposed control rats, hippocampal neurons are aligned in neat rows in which the edges are clear, nuclei are clear, nucleoli can be observed, and pyramidal cells do not exhibit obvious necrosis. Khurana VG, Teo C, Kundi M, Hardell L, Carlberg M. Cell phones and brain tumors: a review including the long-term epidemiologic data.
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