the counter reformation was a religious and political movement that

The Counter-Reformation was a movement within the Roman Catholic Church which began in the 1500s. Prior to Martin Luther and the other Protestant Reformers, there were earlier reform movements within Western Christianity. Founded in 1538, the university was situated in an area of Eastern Hungary under Ottoman Turkish rule during the 1600s and 1700s, being allowed Islamic toleration and thus avoiding Counter-Reformation persecution. [89] The Catholic House of Habsburg and its allies fought against the Protestant princes of Germany, supported at various times by Denmark, Sweden and France. A challenge to the Church in Rome. Depending on the country, the Reformation had varying causes and different backgrounds and also unfolded differently than in Germany. Today, we call this "Roman Catholic" because there are so many other types of churches (for example . He was raised to the rank of a cardinal in 1565 and a year later was made bishop of Bologna. Harsh persecution of Protestants by the Spanish government of Philip II contributed to a desire for independence in the provinces, which led to the Eighty Years' War and, eventually, the separation of the largely Protestant Dutch Republic from the Catholic-dominated Southern Netherlands (present-day Belgium). The presence of monasteries made the adoption of Protestantism less likely. Counter-Reformation, also called Catholic Reformation or Catholic Revival, in the history of Christianity, the Roman Catholic efforts directed in the 16th and early 17th centuries both against the Protestant Reformation and toward internal renewal. Which statement best describes a reform initiated by the Council of Trent? [a] Due to the reform efforts of Hus and other Bohemian reformers, Utraquist Hussitism was acknowledged by the Council of Basel and was officially tolerated in the Crown of Bohemia, although other movements were still subject to persecution, including the Lollards in England and the Waldensians in France and Italian regions. As a result, the Reformation exerted almost no lasting influence in Italy, except for strengthening the Catholic Church and pushing for an end to ongoing abuses during the Counter-Reformation.[79][80]. Four years later, at the Diet of Vsters, the king succeeded in forcing the diet to accept his dominion over the national church. French Protestantism, though its appeal increased under persecution, came to acquire a distinctly political character, made all the more obvious by the conversions of nobles during the 1550s. In particular, the Thirty Years' War (16181648) devastated much of Germany, killing between 25% and 40% of its entire population. The Reformation also spread widely throughout Europe, starting with Bohemia, in the Czech lands, and, over the next few decades, to other countries. These Puritan separatists were also known as "the Pilgrims". Protestant historians have become accustomed to calling this 'reflexive or defensive movement' the 'Counter- Reformation . [citation needed]. [57] Von Mervitz seized a monastery in Viey with the help of his sheriff, Dietrich of Minden, and his soldiers. [88], The Reformation and Counter-Reformation era conflicts are termed the European wars of religion. The Commonwealth was unique in Europe in the 16th century for its widespread tolerance confirmed by the Warsaw Confederation. Some of these, like the use of local language as the liturgical language, were approved by the pope as early as in the 9th century. Which leader restored the Church of England? Teter, Magda. During the Reformation era, Moldova was repeatedly invaded. [53] Frederick's son, Christian, was openly Lutheran, which prevented his election to the throne upon his father's death. Beginning in Germany and Switzerland in the 16th century, the Radical Reformation developed radical Protestant churches throughout Europe. In parts of Germany, Switzerland, and Austria, a majority sympathised with the Radical Reformation despite intense persecution. [BPSC, 2007] Ans: The Reformation could be described as a religious movement that was directed against the Church of Rome. Although Robert Barnes attempted to get Henry VIII to adopt Lutheran theology, he refused to do so in 1538 and burned him at the stake in 1540. [citation needed]. In contrast, Reformed cities typically secularised monastic property. This unit introduces three religious-based reform movements: Protestantism in mainland Europe, Protestantism in England, and the Catholic Counter-Reformation, as well as the subsequent violence they caused. It began during the period of the council of Trent and ended with European wars of Religion. [92][93][e] Protestants have developed their own culture, with major contributions in education, the humanities and sciences, the political and social order, the economy and the arts and many other fields. Arguably, the Reformation was initiated by Martin Luther's ninety-five theses on a church door in Wittenberg, Germany, in the year 1517. While much of his career was spent furthering the cause of church reform, he became fascinated with the subject of religious art in particular. It covered the following five areas: Doctrine (ideology) Ecclesiastical or Structural Reconfiguration. Omissions? All of Scandinavia ultimately adopted Lutheranism over the course of the 16th century, as the monarchs of Denmark (who also ruled Norway and Iceland) and Sweden (who also ruled Finland) converted to that faith. 16th-century schism in Western Christianity, Political situation in Germany about 1560, Religious situation in Germany and Europe about 1560, The New Testament translated by Enzinas, published in, For an example of Reformation history in the Radical Reformation Tradition, see. For a more complete list, see the list of states by the date of adoption of the Reformation and the table of the adoption years for the Augsburg Confession. Henry had once been a sincere Catholic and had even authored a book strongly criticising Luther. [71][72] When Henry II took the throne in 1547, the persecution of Protestants grew and special courts for the trial of heretics were also established in the Parlement de Paris. The Reformation has been credited as a key factor in the development of the state system. The most famous emigration to America was the migration of Puritan separatists from the Anglican Church of England. Their ideas were studied in depth. With the Counter Reformation, the church dedicated itself against protestants. However, a number of factors complicated the adoption of the religious innovations in Ireland; the majority of the population there adhered to the Catholic Church. The Counter-Reformation which is also known as Catholic Reformation was known as the era of Catholic Resurgence which started in the response of Protestant Reformation and towards internal revival. The Counter-Reformation which is also known as Catholic Reformation and known as the period when Catholic Resurgence took place and it started in the response of Protestant Reformation and towards internal revival. While in the middle of the 16th century the nobility mostly sent their sons abroad for education (the new German Protestant universities were important in this regard), by the mid-1600s the nobility mostly stayed home for education. These Germans raised a Lutheran church in Hafnarfjrur as early as 1533. Unrest due to the Great Schism of Western Christianity (13781416) excited wars between princes, uprisings among the peasants, and widespread concern over corruption in the Church, especially from John Wycliffe at Oxford University and from Jan Hus at the Charles University in Prague. An agreement reached by the Council of Trent was that. In general, the Reformers argued that salvation in Christianity was a completed status based on faith in Jesus alone and not a process that requires good works, as in the Catholic view. [35] The publication of Luther's Bible was a decisive moment in the spread of literacy in early modern Germany,[31] and stimulated as well the printing and distribution of religious books and pamphlets. World Civilization Chapter 5 - The Counter-Re, The Counter Reformation, Chapter 1, Section 7, Literature and Philosophy of the Renaissance, Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Nurs418: Atrioventricular Blocks and Pacemake, ACE Health and Wellness Coach Practice Test, Nursing Management of Hypertension NURS 4554. Some followers of Zwingli believed that the Reformation was too conservative and moved independently toward more radical positions, some of which survive among modern day Anabaptists. It resulted in the creation of a branch of Christianity called Protestantism, a name used collectively to refer to the many religious groups that separated from the Roman Catholic Church due to differences in doctrine. Choose one of these movements and discuss the influence of political, spiritual, or cultural aspects of the movement as well as any subsequent strife (warfare and other forms of violence). Cities with strong cults of saints were less likely to adopt Protestantism. . Long-standing resentment between the German states and the Swiss Confederation led to heated debate over how much Zwingli owed his ideas to Lutheranism. The 1530 Augsburg Confession concluded that "in doctrine and ceremonies nothing has been received on our part against Scripture or the Church Catholic", and even after the Council of Trent, Martin Chemnitz published the 156573 Examination of the Council of Trent[5] as an attempt to prove that Trent innovated on doctrine while the Lutherans were following in the footsteps of the Church Fathers and Apostles.[6][7]. It is usually dated from the Council of Trent in 1545 to the end of the Great Turkish War in 1699, but according to some scholars, it continued afterwards and is ongoing in the present day. Church leaders worked to correct abuses. The council created a new administrative system to stop corruption and unfair practices within the Catholic Church. No one translated the Bible into Italian; few tracts were written. The apostolic succession was retained in Sweden during the Reformation. Mary I earned the nickname "Bloody Mary" because she C. persecuted Protestants. Germany was home to the greatest number of Protestant reformers. Radio Advertisement Imagine that Mr. Noakes has discovered the sunshine over the Hatching's home. [61] She was one of the four executed Quakers known as the Boston martyrs. Saint Peter. It could be considered to end with the enactment of the confessions of faith. She finds, "in contemporary scholarship, the Reformation is now seen as a vast cultural upheaval, a social and popular movement, textured and rich because of its diversity. The Lutheran Reformation was started by Martin Luther in 1517 when he wrote and published his Ninety-Five Theses. Reformers in the Church of England alternated, for decades, between sympathies between Catholic tradition and Reformed principles, gradually developing, within the context of robustly Protestant doctrine, a tradition considered a middle way (via media) between the Catholic and Protestant traditions. The presence of bishoprics made the adoption of Protestantism less likely. Sigismund, who was also the King of Sweden until deposed, was educated by Jesuits in Sweden before his election as King of the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth. The Presbyterians eventually won control of the Church of Scotland, which went on to have an important influence on Presbyterian churches worldwide, but Scotland retained a relatively large Episcopalian minority.[69]. [citation needed], Refused an annulment of his marriage to Catherine, King Henry decided to remove the Church of England from the authority of Rome. After the expulsion of its Bishop in 1526, and the unsuccessful attempts of the Berne reformer Guillaume (William) Farel, Calvin was asked to use the organisational skill he had gathered as a student of law to discipline the "fallen city" of Geneva. [87] However, there are a few popular interpretations. In the early 17th century internal theological conflict within the Calvinist church between two tendencies of Calvinism, the Gomarists and the liberal Arminians (or Remonstrants), resulted in Gomarist Calvinism becoming the de facto state religion. During the war with Sweden, when King John Casimir (Jan Kazimierz) fled to Silesia, the Icon of Mary of Czstochowa became the rallying point for military opposition to the Swedish forces. i. Henry VIII broke with the Catholic Church. A separate Protestant community, of the Lutheran faith, existed in the newly conquered province of Alsace, its status not affected by the Edict of Fontainebleau. The Reformation foundations engaged with Augustinianism. Each state which turned Protestant had their own reformers who contributed towards the Evangelical faith. Regensburg Article 5 on Justification The Early Reformation in Europe Historical Dictionary of the Reformation and Counter-Reformation The Society of Jesus in Ireland, Scotland, and England 1541-1588 The Career of Cardinal Giovanni Morone (1509-1580) Believe, Obey, Fight Fruits of Migration Venice's Hidden Enemies The Road from Eden He would later in the period 15171521 write works on devotion to Virgin Mary, the intercession of and devotion to the saints, the sacraments, mandatory clerical celibacy, and later on the authority of the pope, the ecclesiastical law, censure and excommunication, the role of secular rulers in religious matters, the relationship between Christianity and the law, good works, and monasticism. Many Hussites thus declared themselves Lutherans. Simul justus et peccator implied that although people could improve, no one could become good enough to earn forgiveness from God. They also tried to win back areas of Europe that had been lost to the Catholic Church. It was made possible by a revolution against French hegemony under the regime of the regent Mary of Guise, who had governed Scotland in the name of her absent daughter Mary, Queen of Scots (then also Queen of France). This led to a Counter-Reformation in Spain in the 1530s. Following World War II, the removal of ethnic Germans to either East Germany or Siberia reduced Protestantism in the Warsaw Pact countries, although some remain today. Fahlbusch, Erwin, and Bromiley, Geoffrey William (2003). As the number of Protestants in France increased, the number of heretics in prisons awaiting trial also grew. [77] Protestants in Spain were estimated at between 1000 and 3000, mainly among intellectuals who had seen writings such as those of Erasmus. Parallel to events in Germany, a movement began in the Swiss Confederation under the leadership of Huldrych Zwingli. The Reformation first entered Poland through the mostly German-speaking areas in the country's north. The rulers of the nation stressed political, cultural, and religious unity, and by the time of the Lutheran Reformation, the Spanish Inquisition was already 40 years old and had the capability of quickly persecuting any new movement that the leaders of the Catholic Church perceived or interpreted to be religious heterodoxy. [70] One of those who fled France at that time was John Calvin, who emigrated to Basel in 1535 before eventually settling in Geneva in 1536. Despite these wars against Protestant, Orthodox, and Muslim neighbours, the Confederation of Warsaw held with one notable exception. Atrocity and outrage became the defining characteristics of the time, illustrated at their most intense in the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre of August 1572, when the Catholic party killed between 30,000 and 100,000 Huguenots across France. Lutheranism gained a significant following in the eastern half of present-day Austria, while Calvinism was less successful.

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